Associations of consequences of coronavirus pandemic with anxiety, depression and loneliness: moderating effects of internal resources.

The influence of personal internal resources (IRs) on coping with traumatic events is constantly researched. This study aimed to determine how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic affected anxiety, depression, and loneliness in two groups at different levels of exposure (low and high) to the infection. We analysed the impact of IRs in the form of the level of hope and self-efficacy on mental reactions (anxiety and depression) and social well-being (loneliness). The study was conducted as an internet survey. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and difference tests were used for preliminary analyses. Structural equation models (SEM) were used for multivariate data analysis. The SEM model revealed that people working in a profession with a higher risk of infection coped better in the pandemic. We observed a higher level of IRs in the higher exposure group, and the consequences were less pronounced. We concluded by stating that the level of hope and sense of self-efficacy could moderate the response in a pandemic situation and constitute protective factors against psychopathological symptoms.

The Level of Fear in the Polish Police Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic with the Impact of Sociodemographic Variables.

This study has a twofold objective. First, we aim to measure the levels of fear among Polish police officers using the COVID-19 Fear Scale (FCV-19S) that has a stable unidimensional structure allowing for the provision of additional data by combining variables. This structure allows the second objective to be met to measure the correlation with sociodemographic variables. The utilitarian objective of the study is to provide information for updating support policies for stress management in the service. The questionnaire was completed by 1862 people with a mean age of 38.75 years with a good Cronbach's alpha (0.89). The perceived level of fear associated with COVID-19 should be considered relatively low. Caring for the elderly does not affect the level of fear. The factors of gender, age and having children statistically significantly differentiate the perceptions of fear. Therefore, there is a necessity to focus on building support for police officers who are over 50 years old, as well as for women, where higher levels of fear in both men and women can translate into the development of psychosomatic illnesses.

Level of Anxiety Caused by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic among Dentists in Poland.

Background and Objectives: The early information on both the speed and high morbidity rate and, above all, mortality triggered the symptoms of COVID-19-related panic and anxiety. Dentists were listed in the top five professions with the highest risk of transmission of the virus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the fear level of COVID-19 and sociodemographic variables in Polish dentists. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted via an online survey questionnaire with seven statements in the COVID-19 Fear Scale (FCV-19S). The online questionnaire was completed by 356 dentists. The SPSS and PQStat were used to analyze, validate, and assess correlations and logistic regression. Results: In the studied population of dentists, the perceived level of anxiety associated with COVID-19 should be considered relatively low. When the respondents had children, lived with the elderly, or looked after them, the observed level of anxiety was higher, and physical symptoms, such as sweating palms and increased heart rate, occurred. Conclusions: Studies concerning the anxiety level related to COVID-19 carried out among Polish dentists ascertained that the tested level of anxiety among dentists was relatively low. The COVID-19 Fear Scale (FCV-19S) adjusted to the Polish language requirements is a reliable tool that can be used effectively for analyzing the impact of any pandemic on the Polish-speaking population.